RESUMO
This diagnostic study describes a dog screening program used to identify COVID-19 infections among schoolchildren.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Humanos , Cães , Animais , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Instituições Acadêmicas , California/epidemiologia , Projetos PilotoRESUMO
As of August 2022, clusters of acute severe hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children have been reported from 35 countries, including the USA1,2. Previous studies have found human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in the blood from patients in Europe and the USA3-7, although it is unclear whether this virus is causative. Here we used PCR testing, viral enrichment-based sequencing and agnostic metagenomic sequencing to analyse samples from 16 HAdV-positive cases from 1 October 2021 to 22 May 2022, in parallel with 113 controls. In blood from 14 cases, adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) sequences were detected in 93% (13 of 14), compared to 4 (3.5%) of 113 controls (P < 0.001) and to 0 of 30 patients with hepatitis of defined aetiology (P < 0.001). In controls, HAdV type 41 was detected in blood from 9 (39.1%) of the 23 patients with acute gastroenteritis (without hepatitis), including 8 of 9 patients with positive stool HAdV testing, but co-infection with AAV2 was observed in only 3 (13.0%) of these 23 patients versus 93% of cases (P < 0.001). Co-infections by Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6 and/or enterovirus A71 were also detected in 12 (85.7%) of 14 cases, with higher herpesvirus detection in cases versus controls (P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that the severity of the disease is related to co-infections involving AAV2 and one or more helper viruses.
Assuntos
Infecções por Adenovirus Humanos , Coinfecção , Dependovirus , Hepatite , Criança , Humanos , Doença Aguda , Infecções por Adenovirus Humanos/epidemiologia , Infecções por Adenovirus Humanos/virologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Dependovirus/genética , Dependovirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/epidemiologia , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/virologia , Hepatite/epidemiologia , Hepatite/virologia , Herpesvirus Humano 4/isolamento & purificação , Herpesvirus Humano 6/isolamento & purificação , Enterovirus Humano A/isolamento & purificação , Vírus Auxiliares/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
During September 1, 2020-April 30, 2021, the California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA, received 255 positive influenza molecular test results that matched with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 molecular test results; 58 (23%) persons were co-infected. Influenza activity was minimal in California, and co-infections were sporadic.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Influenza Humana , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Humanos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Saúde Pública , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Health care facilities receiving Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services reimbursement were required to implement water management programs (WMP) in 2017. Among 263 (66%) California hospitals responding to questions in the National Healthcare Safety Network Annual Survey, approximately 92% reported having a WMP in 2018; 76% routinely monitored for Legionella in their water systems. High levels of WMP implementation are likely the result of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services regulatory requirements and widespread promulgation of CDC WMP recommendations.
Assuntos
Medicaid , Medicare , Idoso , California , Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. , Hospitais , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Água , Abastecimento de ÁguaRESUMO
We analyzed antimicrobial susceptibility test results reported in healthcare-associated infections by California hospitals during 2014-2017. Approximately 3.2% of Enterobacteriaceae reported in healthcare-associated infections were resistant to carbapenems and 26.9% were resistant to cephalosporins. The proportion of cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli increased 7% (risk ratio 1.07, 95% CI 1.04-1.11) per year during 2014-2017.
Assuntos
Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Cefalosporinas/farmacologia , Infecção Hospitalar , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência beta-Lactâmica , California/epidemiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/genética , Geografia Médica , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Orange County Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) prevention collaborative's effect on rates of CDI in acute-care hospitals (ACHs) in Orange County, California. DESIGN: Controlled interrupted time series. METHODS: We convened a CDI prevention collaborative with healthcare facilities in Orange County to reduce CDI incidence in the region. Collaborative participants received onsite infection control and antimicrobial stewardship assessments, interactive learning and discussion sessions, and an interfacility transfer communication improvement initiative during June 2015-June 2016. We used segmented regression to evaluate changes in monthly hospital-onset (HO) and community-onset (CO) CDI rates for ACHs. The baseline period comprised 17 months (January 2014-June 2015) and the follow-up period comprised 28 months (September 2015-December 2017). All 25 Orange County ACHs were included in the CO-CDI model to account for direct and indirect effects of the collaborative. For comparison, we assessed HO-CDI and CO-CDI rates among 27 ACHs in 3 San Francisco Bay Area counties. RESULTS: HO-CDI rates in the 15 participating Orange County ACHs decreased 4% per month (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.96; 95% CI, 0.95-0.97; P < .0001) during the follow-up period compared with the baseline period and 3% (IRR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99; P = .002) per month compared to the San Francisco Bay Area nonparticipant ACHs. Orange County CO-CDI rates declined 2% per month (IRR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-1.00; P = .03) between the baseline and follow-up periods. This decline was not statistically different from the San Francisco Bay Area ACHs (IRR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-1.00; P = .09). CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis of ACHs in Orange County provides evidence that coordinated, regional multifacility initiatives can reduce CDI incidence.
Assuntos
Clostridioides difficile , Infecções por Clostridium/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Controle de Infecções , California/epidemiologia , Humanos , Análise de Séries Temporais InterrompidaRESUMO
We analyzed California hospitals' National Healthcare Safety Network Annual Surveys to describe antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) implementation progress following new state ASP legislation. The proportion of hospitals with all 7 Core Elements of Hospital ASP rose from 59.3% in 2014 to 69.2% in 2015 (P<.001). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1503-1505.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Gestão de Antimicrobianos/legislação & jurisprudência , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais , California , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Clusters of bloodstream infections caused by Burkholderia cepacia and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are uncommon, but have been previously identified in hemodialysis centers that reprocessed dialyzers for reuse on patients. We investigated an outbreak of bloodstream infections caused by B cepacia and S maltophilia among hemodialysis patients in clinics of a dialysis organization. STUDY DESIGN: Outbreak investigation, including matched case-control study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Hemodialysis patients treated in multiple outpatient clinics owned by a dialysis organization. PREDICTORS: Main predictors were dialyzer reuse, dialyzer model, and dialyzer reprocessing practice. OUTCOMES: Case patients had a bloodstream infection caused by B cepacia or S maltophilia; controls were patients without infection dialyzed at the same clinic on the same day as a case; results of environmental cultures and organism typing. RESULTS: 17 cases (9 B cepacia and 8 S maltophilia bloodstream infections) occurred in 5 clinics owned by the same dialysis organization. Case patients were more likely to have received hemodialysis with a dialyzer that had been used more than 6 times (matched OR, 7.03; 95% CI, 1.38-69.76) and to have been dialyzed with a specific reusable dialyzer (Model R) with sealed ends (OR, 22.87; 95% CI, 4.49-∞). No major lapses during dialyzer reprocessing were identified that could explain the outbreak. B cepacia was isolated from samples collected from a dialyzer header-cleaning machine from a clinic with cases and was indistinguishable from a patient isolate collected from the same clinic, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 2 reused Model R dialyzers that had undergone the facility's reprocessing procedure. LIMITATIONS: Limited statistical power and overmatching; few patient isolates and dialyzers available for testing. CONCLUSIONS: This outbreak was likely caused by contamination during reprocessing of reused dialyzers. Results of this and previous investigations demonstrate that exposing patients to reused dialyzers increases the risk for bloodstream infections. To reduce infection risk, providers should consider implementing single dialyzer use whenever possible.